Prosthetic Leg
Comprehensive information on prosthetic leg applications at below-knee, above-knee, hip disarticulation and partial foot levels.
What is a prosthetic leg and how does it work?
A prosthetic leg is a medical device used to support the mobility of people who are missing all or part of a lower limb (hip, knee, foot or toes) due to injury, accident, disease or a congenital condition. In clinical language it is also called a lower limb prosthesis. On this page, the term prosthetic leg refers to an artificial limb worn outside the body; it does not refer to hip or knee implants placed inside the joint through surgery. It is designed to replace the function of the missing part as far as possible and to support the person's ability to stand, walk and carry out daily activities.
A prosthetic leg is attached to the residual limb (the remaining limb) by means of a custom-made socket and liner; connecting components (adapters and pylon) in between securely connect the socket to the knee and foot components. These components work together to carry the load, provide balance and produce the stepping movement.
Lower limb prostheses come in various designs and configurations to suit different needs, different activity levels and different lifestyles. The amputation level, the person's activity level and preferences are the main factors that determine which components are combined.
Prosthetic leg applications by amputation level
The structure of a prosthetic leg depends largely on the level at which the amputation was performed. You can go to the relevant page from the headings below.
Hip Disarticulation Prosthesis
A comprehensive system configured from the hip joint, including a hip joint, prosthetic knee and prosthetic foot.
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Above-Knee Prosthetic Leg
An application in which the socket, prosthetic knee and prosthetic foot are used together, since there is no knee joint.
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Below-Knee Prosthetic Leg
An application in which the knee joint is preserved, consisting of a socket, liner and prosthetic foot.
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Partial Foot and Ankle Level
Prosthetic solutions planned with different structures depending on the level, from toe and forefoot losses to ankle disarticulation.
Learn moreMain components of a prosthetic leg
A prosthetic leg consists of complementary parts arranged from the residual limb down to the ground: liner, socket, connecting components (adapters and pylon), knee joint and prosthetic foot. The images are representative examples prepared to introduce the concepts.
Liner (silicone interface layer)
A soft silicone sleeve worn directly on the residual limb; it creates a protective interface layer between the skin and the socket and supports the connection.
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Socket
The custom-made part that grips the residual limb and creates a balanced and secure connection between the prosthesis and the body.
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Connecting components (adapters and pylon)
Intermediate parts that connect the socket to the knee and foot components; they provide alignment and load transfer.
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Prosthetic foot
The component that provides balance and support during walking, with stiffness and flexibility properties that vary according to activity level.
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Knee joint
In above-knee applications, the component that manages movement and balance in situations such as walking, sitting down and standing up, and ramps.
Learn moreMain components of a prosthetic leg
Depending on the person's needs and amputation level, a prosthetic leg consists of different main components. These components are selected to be compatible with one another, creating an individualized whole.
- Socket and liner: The most individualized part of the prosthesis. The liner is worn directly on the limb, protects the residual limb and creates a soft interface layer between the skin and the prosthesis. The socket grips the residual limb and creates a secure and balanced connection between the prosthesis and the body.
- Prosthetic knee: Used in above-knee level applications. It plays a decisive role in providing movement and balance of the leg in situations such as walking, sitting down and standing up, stairs and ramps.
- Prosthetic foot: Has stiffness, flexibility and energy-return properties that vary according to different activity levels; it is designed to provide balance and support during walking.
How the socket stays on the body: liner and suspension methods
The safe functioning of a prosthetic leg depends on the socket holding onto the residual limb firmly and comfortably. While the liner wraps the residual limb and creates a soft interface layer between the skin and the socket, the suspension method keeps the socket in place throughout walking. Which method is suitable is assessed according to the amputation level, residual limb structure, skin condition and the person's activity level.
- Suction (vacuum)-based suspension: A method that supports retention through negative pressure created between the socket and the residual limb; it can be provided by passive or mechanical/electric mechanisms.
- Pin-lock (shuttle-lock) suspension: One of the common methods that creates a mechanical connection by a pin at the end of the liner engaging a lock at the base of the socket.
- Anatomical-contour-based suspension: An approach that supports retention by the socket gripping the anatomical prominences of the residual limb; in some cases it is used together with additional suspension elements such as a belt, cuff or sleeve.
- The suspension method is not a single part but a system choice; the liner type, socket design and suspension mechanism are planned together. For details, you can refer to the socket and liner section.
Types of prostheses by amputation level
The structure of the prosthesis to be fitted depends largely on the level at which the amputation was performed. As the level rises, the function the prosthesis must take over increases and the number of components grows.
- Partial foot and ankle level: Used when part of the foot is missing; usually supported with special insoles or partial foot prostheses.
- Below-knee (transtibial) prosthesis: The knee joint is preserved. It consists of a socket, liner and prosthetic foot; preservation of the knee joint makes an important contribution to walking.
- Above-knee (transfemoral) prosthesis: Since there is no knee joint, a socket, prosthetic knee and prosthetic foot are used together.
- Hip disarticulation: Since the amputation is performed at the hip joint, it requires a more comprehensive system that includes a prosthetic hip joint, prosthetic knee and prosthetic foot.
Mechanical and microprocessor-controlled systems
Prosthetic knees and feet can generally be considered in two groups according to their operating principles. Which system is suitable is assessed by taking into account the person's activity level, safety needs and lifestyle.
- Mechanical systems: Use hydraulic, pneumatic or mechanical mechanisms to provide balance and support. They provide the basic functions needed for standing, walking and daily activities; they are durable and reliable in design.
- Microprocessor-controlled systems: Combine sensors, computerized control units and hydraulic components. By continuously sensing the gait, they aim to adapt to different surfaces, walking speeds and situations and to offer movement closer to natural walking.
Configuration according to activity level and lifestyle
Even for two people with the same amputation level, the suitable prosthesis configuration may differ. Component selection is planned by taking into account the person's daily mobility, work and living conditions, interests and residual limb characteristics. The aim is to create a balanced structure that meets the person's real needs.
- Limited mobility: If the priority is safe standing and balance over short distances, components that prioritize stability and are easy to maintain are considered.
- Moderate mobility: If walking on varying surfaces indoors and outdoors is involved, components that can adapt to different speeds and surfaces come to the fore.
- High mobility: If longer distances, varied terrain or sports activities are the goal, dynamic components that provide energy return are considered.
- Mobility level is not considered on its own; it is considered together with the condition of the residual limb, balance, general health and personal preferences. The classification is used not to set a goal but to narrow down the suitable options.
How can you prepare for a prosthesis assessment?
Share concrete examples from your daily life during the consultation. Describing your goals separately, such as moving around at home, returning to work or walking outdoors, helps clarify your expectations with the assessment team.
- Over what distances and with what aids do you currently move around? Which activity do you find most difficult?
- Are there conditions at your home or workplace that involve stairs, ramps, narrow spaces or standing for long periods?
- If you have used a prosthesis before, which features were you satisfied with, and in which situations did you experience discomfort?
- How will measurement, fitting trials, use training and follow-up appointments be planned? Which documents are requested before the consultation?
Determining and fitting the right prosthesis
No two people have exactly the same needs; therefore, each prosthesis is planned individually according to the person's limb difference, lifestyle and preferred activities. Socket fit, component selection and individual adjustment of settings are decisive for the functionality and comfort of the prosthesis.
- The assessment is usually carried out as teamwork; the person themselves, their physician, physiotherapy and, when needed, occupational therapy specialists, and the orthotics and prosthetics technician contribute to the process.
- Proper grip of the socket is important for skin health and a secure connection; adjustments may be needed over time according to volume changes that may occur in the residual limb.
- After starting to use the prosthesis, gait training and regular check-ups help in making effective use of the system.
Who fits a prosthetic leg? The team in the fitting process
Prosthetic leg fitting is carried out by a prosthetist-orthotist (orthotics and prosthetics technician) trained in the field. Working together with the person, their physician, physiotherapist and, when needed, surgeon, the practitioner designs the socket, assembles the components for the individual, performs the fitting trial and the fitting, and provides guidance on use, training and maintenance. The process begins in line with a specialist physician's prescription or medical report.
- Assessment and measurement: Residual limb structure, skin condition, balance and general health are assessed; measurements are taken for custom-made production.
- Socket design and fitting trial: A custom-made socket is prepared; fit and alignment are adjusted during the fitting trial stage.
- Fitting and use training: The components are assembled and the prosthesis is fitted; use, cleaning and maintenance are explained to the person and their loved ones.
- Follow-up: Regular check-ups are recommended for adjustment and maintenance over time, according to volume changes in the residual limb and conditions of use.
Points to consider in use and maintenance
Regular maintenance and observation are recommended for safe and long-lasting use of the prosthesis. Monitoring skin and residual limb health allows possible problems to be noticed early.
- The liner and socket should be cleaned regularly in line with the recommendations of the manufacturer and the practitioner.
- If redness, irritation or pressure marks are observed on the skin of the residual limb, consulting the practitioner is recommended.
- If loosening, noise or a change in function is noticed in the components, you should seek a check-up.
- Resistance to water, dust and harsh conditions differs for each component; conditions of use should be assessed according to the information provided by the practitioner.
What questions should you ask when getting a quote for a prosthetic leg?
Ask in writing which parts and services are included in the quote. This way you can evaluate the options together with your own needs and the scope of the quote.
- Are the make and model of the socket, liner, suspension system, prosthetic foot and, if needed, the knee component specified?
- Which of the fitting trials, use training, follow-up and later adjustments are included in the quote?
- What are the maintenance, consumables, warranty and repair conditions?
- If you are considering applying under SGK (Turkish Social Security Institution) or private insurance, which documents are required, and where can the coverage and the amount left for you to pay be verified?
- Which stages does the anticipated delivery schedule cover, and how is it updated when additional fitting trials are needed?
Frequently asked questions about prosthetic legs
What is a prosthetic leg?
A prosthetic leg is a custom-made medical device used outside the body to support the function of the missing part of a lower limb after a congenital deficiency or amputation. It is different from joint prostheses placed inside the hip or knee joint through surgery.
What is the difference between a below-knee and an above-knee prosthetic leg?
In a below-knee amputation, the person's own knee joint is preserved and no prosthetic knee component is used. In an above-knee amputation, since there is no natural knee joint, the system includes a socket, prosthetic knee and prosthetic foot together.
What is a hip disarticulation prosthesis?
It is the system used for an amputation performed at the hip joint. In addition to a custom-made socket, it includes prosthetic hip joint, prosthetic knee and prosthetic foot components.
What are the parts of a prosthetic leg?
Although it varies according to the amputation level, the system consists of a liner, a custom-made socket, connecting components such as adapters and a pylon, and, when needed, a prosthetic knee and a prosthetic foot.
How is the suitable prosthetic leg determined?
Amputation level, residual limb and skin condition, general health, balance, activity level and daily needs are assessed together. The fitting is planned individually in line with a specialist physician's prescription or medical report.
How long does it take to get used to a prosthetic leg?
It is not accurate to give a single time frame. Healing, the condition of the residual limb, the fit of the prosthesis, the previous level of mobility and the rehabilitation process vary from person to person; regular check-ups and gait training support adjustment.
How does a prosthetic leg stay on the body?
The prosthesis is held on by the liner worn on the residual limb and the chosen suspension method. Methods such as suction (vacuum), pin-lock and anatomical contour grip are assessed according to the amputation level, residual limb structure and activity level.
What is the difference between a mechanical and a microprocessor-controlled system?
Mechanical systems provide balance and support with hydraulic, pneumatic or mechanical mechanisms; they are durable and relatively easy to maintain. Microprocessor-controlled systems aim to adapt to different speeds and surfaces by sensing the gait with sensors and control units. The suitable system is determined according to the person's activity level and safety needs.
Is a prosthetic leg water-resistant?
Resistance to water, dust and harsh conditions differs for each component. Some components are suitable for these conditions while others are not; conditions of use should be assessed according to the information provided by the practitioner.
Who fits a prosthetic leg?
The fitting is carried out by a prosthetist-orthotist trained in the field, together with the physician, physiotherapist and, when needed, the surgeon, in line with a specialist physician's prescription or medical report.
Application process
Physician's prescription / report
The process starts with a prescription or medical report issued by a specialist physician. No application is made without a prescription or report.
Assessment and measurement
The person's condition is assessed; measurements are taken for custom-made production and a service plan is prepared.
Production and fitting
The custom-made prosthesis or orthosis is produced; fit and alignment are adjusted during the fitting stage.
Application and user training
The device is applied; use, cleaning and care are explained.
Follow-up
Follow-up is provided for check-ups, maintenance and repair after the application.
Related informational content
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ReadInformation on Below-Knee Prosthetic Legs
ReadApplications are carried out in line with a specialist physician's prescription or medical report, at our licensed center addresses. This content is for information only; please consult your physician for diagnosis and treatment.