Conditions such as brain or spinal cord injury, stroke, multiple sclerosis (MS) and incomplete paralysis can restrict the ability to move and walk by causing loss of strength and function in the muscles. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is a method used to assist rehabilitation in such conditions.
What Is Functional Electrical Stimulation?
FES is an approach in which a small level of electrical stimulation is applied to a muscle that is paralyzed or weakened due to brain or spinal cord damage. The electrical charge applied causes the relevant muscle to contract; this contraction in turn helps the joint move. In this way, the re-emergence of a movement that has been lost or weakened can be supported.
FES is planned according to the type of movement disorder and the person's condition, and is carried out in line with the specialist physician's assessment, prescription and medical report.
How Do FES Devices Work?
Being unable to lift the front of the foot sufficiently while walking (foot drop) can occur as a result of stroke, brain injury, MS or diseases of the central nervous system. FES devices used for this condition are usually in the form of a cuff worn below the knee; in some applications, a thigh cuff may also be added.
The working principle of the device can be summarized as follows:
- No stimulation is given while standing and while the foot is in full contact with the ground.
- The gyroscope and accelerometer inside the device detect its position and determine that a step is being taken.
- During the step phase, the electrodes stimulate the nerves leading to the muscles that lift the front of the foot.
- In this way, the foot and toes are lifted in a controlled manner while walking and the swing phase is supported.
- When the foot touches the ground again, the stimulation stops.
This cycle may contribute to a smoother and safer gait pattern and may help reduce the risk of falling.
For Which Losses of Function Is It Considered?
FES systems may be considered for different losses of function:
- Lower limb (walking): In foot drop due to conditions such as stroke, brain injury, MS, cerebral palsy or incomplete paralysis, it may be used to support lifting of the foot while walking; this approach may be considered part of lower limb rehabilitation.
- Upper limb (hand function): In cases where hand function is restricted after stroke, traumatic brain injury or partial spinal cord injury, it may help support daily movements such as grasping and holding objects and may be addressed within the scope of upper limb rehabilitation.
Its Place in the Rehabilitation Process
FES is not a treatment on its own; it is a method generally considered as part of a holistic rehabilitation program. The suitability, planning and duration of the application vary from person to person; for this reason, the decision is based on the clinical assessment and medical report of the relevant specialist physician. Carrying out the process together with physiotherapy and regular follow-up is important for the functional benefit that may be obtained.
This content is for informational purposes; for diagnosis and treatment, you should consult your physician.
